Barbados operates under a parliamentary democracy political structure. The country is a sovereign parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch as the ceremonial head of state. The Governor-General represents the monarch in Barbados, performing symbolic duties. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who holds executive powers and is the leader of the majority party in the parliament.

The parliament of Barbados is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Assembly. The Senate comprises appointed members, including those nominated by the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and other official bodies. The House of Assembly consists of elected representatives known as Members of Parliament (MPs). The parliament is responsible for making laws, approving the national budget, and conducting legislative oversight. Barbados has an independent judiciary that operates separately from the legislative and executive branches. The judiciary ensures the interpretation and application of the law, upholds justice, and protects the rights of individuals. The highest court in Barbados is the Caribbean Court of Justice, which serves as both the final appellate court for Barbados and an international tribunal for certain cases.

Barbados has a strong tradition of democratic governance and respect for the rule of law. The political structure in the country upholds democratic principles, including the separation of powers, regular elections, and protection of individual rights and freedoms.