Bhutan operates under a parliamentary constitutional monarchy political structure. The country is a constitutional monarchy, with the King of Bhutan serving as the head of state. The King exercises limited executive powers, while the Prime Minister holds the position of head of government and has significant executive authority.

The parliament of Bhutan is a bicameral legislature known as the Parliament of Bhutan. It consists of two chambers: the National Assembly (Gyelyong Tshogdu) and the National Council (Gyelyong Tshogde). Members of the National Assembly are elected through a direct vote in constituencies, while members of the National Council are elected by the people and nominated by various stakeholders. The Parliament is responsible for making laws, approving the national budget, and exercising legislative oversight. Bhutan has an independent judiciary that operates separately from the legislative and executive branches. The judiciary ensures the interpretation and application of the law, upholds justice, and protects the rights of individuals. The Supreme Court of Bhutan is the highest court in the country and serves as the final appellate instance.

Bhutan’s political structure emphasizes the principles of Gross National Happiness (GNH), a development philosophy focused on the well-being and happiness of its citizens. The political system promotes democratic values, respect for human rights, and sustainable development. While Bhutan’s democracy is relatively young, it has made strides in consolidating democratic institutions and providing a voice for its citizens in the decision-making process.