Bolivia is a democratic republic with a political structure that consists of three branches: the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. The Executive branch is led by the President, who is both the head of state and head of government. The President is elected by popular vote to a five-year term and can be re-elected. The President is responsible for the execution of laws, maintaining public order, foreign policy, and the administration of the government. The President is assisted by the Vice President and the cabinet of ministers, who are appointed by the President.

The Legislative branch in Bolivia is represented by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, a bicameral body made up of the Chamber of Senators (upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (lower house). The Chamber of Senators consists of 36 seats, with four senators representing each of the nine departments of Bolivia. The Chamber of Deputies comprises 130 seats, with seats allocated based on population. Both Senators and Deputies are elected to five-year terms. The Assembly has the power to pass laws, approve the budget, and ratify international treaties.

The Judicial branch of Bolivia includes the Supreme Court of Justice, the Constitutional Court, the Agro-Environmental Court, and the Council of the Judiciary. The Supreme Court is the highest court of law, while the Constitutional Court is responsible for constitutional review. Judges of these courts are elected by popular vote from lists drawn up by the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, serving six-year terms. The Agro-Environmental Court has jurisdiction over agrarian and environmental issues. The Council of the Judiciary oversees the administration of the courts. Bolivia’s legal system is based on Spanish civil law and the Napoleonic Code, with indigenous and customary law being recognized in certain cases.