Bulgaria operates under a parliamentary republic political structure. The country is a parliamentary democracy, with the President of Bulgaria serving as the head of state and the Prime Minister as the head of government. The President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term and acts as a ceremonial figure with limited executive powers. The Prime Minister, on the other hand, holds significant executive authority and is responsible for leading the government and implementing policies.

The parliament of Bulgaria is a unicameral legislature known as the National Assembly. It consists of members who are elected through a proportional representation system. The National Assembly is responsible for making laws, approving the national budget, and exercising legislative oversight over the executive branch.

Bulgaria also has an independent judiciary that operates separately from the legislative and executive branches. The judiciary ensures the interpretation and application of the law, upholds justice, and protects the rights of individuals. The Supreme Court of Cassation is the highest court in Bulgaria and serves as the final appellate instance.

Bulgaria’s political structure upholds democratic principles, including the separation of powers, regular elections, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. However, challenges related to corruption, rule of law, and media freedom have been raised in recent years. Efforts to strengthen democratic institutions, combat corruption, and address these challenges continue in Bulgaria.