China operates as a one-party socialist republic under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC), which wields substantial control over the political system. The President, who also serves as the General Secretary of the CPC, holds the highest executive authority. A strong central government defines China’s political structure, with the National People’s Congress (NPC) serving as the legislative body. However, the NPC largely functions under CPC control, with decision-making and legislative processes tightly managed by the Party. China’s judiciary, though intended to enhance the rule of law, often operates under the guidance of the CPC, which raises questions about judicial independence, as political considerations influence legal proceedings.

This political structure has been instrumental in achieving rapid economic growth and maintaining social stability, but it also comes under global scrutiny. Critics frequently highlight the CPC’s strict control over political freedoms, media, and internet access, with notable restrictions on freedom of expression and assembly. These governance practices, while effective in ensuring stability, face criticism for infringing upon human rights and democratic principles, with ongoing debates regarding individual freedoms and the balance of power.