Colombia operates under a presidential constitutional republic political structure. The country is a republic, where the President of Colombia serves as both the head of state and the head of government. The President is elected by popular vote for a four-year term and can serve a maximum of two consecutive terms. The President holds significant executive powers and is responsible for leading the government, implementing policies, and representing Colombia domestically and internationally.

The parliament of Colombia is a bicameral legislature known as the National Congress. It consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Members of the Senate are elected through a national constituency, while members of the House of Representatives are elected through regional constituencies. The National Congress is responsible for making laws, approving the national budget, and providing legislative oversight over the executive branch. Colombia also has an independent judiciary that operates separately from the legislative and executive branches. The judiciary ensures the interpretation and application of the law, upholds justice, and protects the rights of individuals. The Constitutional Court is the highest court in Colombia and serves as the final appellate instance for constitutional matters.

Colombia’s political structure upholds democratic principles, including the separation of powers, regular elections, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. The country has made progress in strengthening democratic institutions and promoting peace and reconciliation. However, challenges such as armed conflicts, drug trafficking, inequality, and social issues remain and require ongoing efforts for resolution and improvement.