Mongolia operates as a unitary semi-presidential republic, blending elements of both parliamentary and presidential systems. The President of Mongolia serves as the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a four-year term, with a limit of two terms. The President’s role is largely ceremonial, representing the unity of the state. The Prime Minister, appointed by the President, serves as the head of government and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the country. The State Great Khural, Mongolia’s unicameral parliament, is the supreme legislative body, and its members are elected through a mixed-member proportional representation system.

Mongolia’s political landscape is characterized by a multi-party system, with coalition governments often forming due to the proportional representation system. The judiciary is independent, and the Constitutional Court serves as the highest legal authority. Local governance is organized into administrative subdivisions, including aimags (provinces) and soums (districts), each with its own local assembly and governor. Mongolia’s political structure has evolved since its transition to democracy in the early 1990s, reflecting a commitment to democratic principles and economic reforms, while also addressing challenges related to economic development and nomadic traditions.